Population of Indonesia

These two groups are the Javanese (41 percent of the total population) and Sundanese (15 percent of the total population). Both groups originate from the island of Java, Indonesia's most populous island, which is home to 56 percent of the country's total population. When the island of Sumatra is included, this figure rises to approximately eighty percent of Indonesia's total population, indicating a significant population concentration in the western part of the country. The most populous province is West Java (with more than 48 million people), while the least populous province is that of North Kalimantan (home to around 700,000 people).

Indonesia's national motto "unity in diversity" (Bhinneka Tunggal Ika) reflects this multitude of ethnic, cultural and linguistic varieties that can be found within the boundaries of a nation state that constitutes the world's largest archipelago. Indeed, when you imagine an animist Papuan (from the far east of Indonesia) meeting a Muslim Acehnese (from the far west) there seem to be more differences - in terms of religion, clothes, lifestyle, tradition, native language, etc. - than similarities between both.

Map of Indonesia

This diverse cultural makeup of Indonesia is the result of a long process of colonization initiated by the Dutch. In a time-span of about three centuries this small European nation managed to (gradually) expand its political power in the Archipelago - conquering the various indigenous kingdoms - until the present-day boundaries were established. In other words, during the formation of the Dutch colonial territory in Southeast Asia all these diverse cultures became part of a single political power/entity that was later inherited by the Indonesian nationalists after Independence in 1945.

On the one hand, cultural diversity is a blessing for Southeast Asia's largest economy. Each culture offers something interesting and this is what attracts millions of foreign tourists to Indonesia every year (hence tourism is an important foreign exchange earner). For example, cultural relics such as the Borobudur and Prambanan in Central Java and Yogyakarta but also contemporary culture such as Balinese Hinduism are reasons to book a ticket to Indonesia. On the other hand, having a multitude of different beliefs (religions), traditions, ethnics and cultures also implies having difficulties in terms of governance. In fact, on various occasions there have been violent clashes between different groups within Indonesia that had their roots in ethnic or religious differences, events that undermined Indonesia's national motto.

There also exists a high degree of inequality in Indonesia and this has also fed negative sentiments among part of the Indonesian population. For example, income distribution inequality (reflected by a high - and rising - Gini ratio). But among the so-called "Outer Regions" there also exists a feeling of resentment toward the dominating political and economic position of Java (Jakarta in particular). These emotions were (part of the) reason why the Indonesian government was forced to usher in the era of decentralization in the post-Suharto period.

Table 1; Five Most Populous Provinces of Indonesia (in million people):

Province	Population     2000	Population     2010	Population     2020
West Java	35.8	43.1	48.3
East Java	34.8	37.5	40.7
Central Java	31.2	32.4	36.5
North Sumatra	11.6	13.0	14.8
Banten (Java)	8.1	10.6	11.9
Indonesia	206.3	237.6	270.2

^{Sources: Population Census, 2000, 2010 and 2020, Statistics Indonesia (BPS)}

This section discusses a number of important aspects regarding Indonesia's demographic composition. Topics that are discussed include Indonesia's population growth, age structure and urbanization. Each of these topics is linked to Indonesia's economic growth potential.

Indonesia's Population Growth

Family planning in Indonesia is coordinated by the National Family Planning Coordinating Board (NFPCB), a government institution. Under president Suharto an effective family planning program was initiated in 1968 and - up to the present - continued by his successors. This program is a key strategy with regard to the country's economic development as a low population growth rate translates into a higher per capita gross domestic product (GDP) which translates into higher incomes, higher savings, higher investments and implies a fall in the poverty rate among the population.

The annual national population growth rate of Indonesia between 1971 and 1980 stood at an average of 2.31 percent. Growth was highest in the province of Lampung (5.77 percent) and lowest in Yogyakarta (1.10 percent). The average growth rate fell to 1.98 percent in 1981-1990 and eased further to 1.49 percent in 1991-2000 after which it remained unchanged at 1.49 percent in the 2000-2010 period.

Table 2; Population Growth Rate of Indonesia (annual % change):

	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025	2026
Growth Rate	1.22	1.17	1.13	1.10	n/a	n/a

	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
Growth Rate	1.38	1.36	1.34	1.33	1.31	1.25

^{Source: Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS)}

Table 2 shows that the annual population growth rate of Indonesia has continued to ease significantly over the past decade, touching an all-time low in 2024 at 1.10 percent.

Population Size of Indonesia

According to data from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), the government's statistics agency, the Indonesian population numbered a total of 278.7 million people at the end of 2023. This involves 140.8 million men and 137.9 million women.

Table 3; Population Size of Indonesia (in million people):

	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Size	265.0	268.1	270.2	272.7	275.8	278.7

^{Source: Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS)}

The United Nations (UN) earlier stated that the population of Indonesia is estimated to exceed 270 million by 2025, exceed 285 million by 2035 and exceed 290 million by 2045. After 2050 the UN expects that the size of the Indonesian population starts to decline.

Urbanization in Indonesia

The UN also projects that by 2050 two thirds of Indonesia’s population will live in urban areas. Over the last forty years the country has experienced a process of rapid urbanization, resulting in the current situation in which over half of Indonesia's total population resides in urban areas (see table below). For the economy this constitutes a positive development as urbanization and industrialization are necessary to grow into the ranks of a middle income country.

The biggest cities of Indonesia are found on the island of Java. Here we find the capital city of Jakarta that had more than 10 million inhabitants according to the latest official census (2011 data). The unofficial figure is probably much higher. Moreover, every morning a huge amount of workers travel from the satellite cities toward Jakarta to do their jobs. In the afternoon or evening they travel back to the satellite cities around Jakarta. This massive daily inflow and outflow of people causes severe traffic congestion in Jakarta.

After Jakarta, the biggest cities in Indonesia are Surabaya (East Java), Bandung (West Java), Bekasi (West Java), and Medan (North Sumatra).

Rural and Urban Population of Indonesia

	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2050
Rural Population  (% of total population)	64	58	52	50	46	33¹
Urban Population  (% of total population)	36	42	48	50	54	67¹

^{¹ indicates UN forecast
Source: World Bank}

Age Structure of Indonesia

One important strength of Indonesia's demographic composition in relation to its economy is that the country has a young population. This young population implies a - potentially - large workforce (thus making it of vital importance that this workforce can be educated to obtain higher skills and can be absorbed by employment opportunities). Indonesia's total median age is 28.6 years (2016 estimate). This indicates that one half of the population is older than 28.6 years, while the other half is younger than this figure. When divided in sexes the female median age is one year older (29.1 years) as compared to the male counterpart (28.1 years).

Below we present a table that indicates the percentage shares of the Indonesian people categorized in three age groups and the corresponding division in sexes (in absolute numbers)

Indonesian Population by Sex and Age Group:

	% of total population	Male  (absolute)	Female  (absolute)
0-14 years	27.3	34,165,213	32,978,841
15-64 years	66.5	82,104,636	81,263,055
65 years and over	6.1	6,654,695	8,446,603

^{Source: CIA World Factbook}

In 2010 around 19 percent of the Indonesian population was below ten years of age, around 37 percent was below twenty years of age, and around half of the population was below thirty years of age. Such numbers indicate that - from a demographic perspective - there is great potential for both productivity and creativity in Indonesia.

Demographics and Economic Waves

General Outline

A temper in population growth caused by decreases in fertility (which can be caused by matters such as better access to birth control, rising incomes, urbanization and higher levels of education for women) helps to stimulate a significant shift in the age distribution of the population towards those of the working age (but at a later stage decreases in mortality and fertility will cause an aging population). This shift is able to accelerate economic growth as the working age population increases while the (relative) number of dependent children declines.

This process can be thought of as constituting a series of waves. The first wave begins when this working age population is employed which results in increased production. Employment also implies higher incomes and consequently causes households to consume more products. Households might also save more due to the reduced number of child dependents which subsequently leads to increased investment, as well as rising capital stock and further increases in economic production.

The second demographic wave occurs when large portions of the population approach the end of their working lives and commence to save and invest for their retirement. Thus, the resulting increased capital accumulation may help to drive economic growth further. After this stage concern about the economy can arise because of stagnating population growth and an aging population.

The Indonesian Case

Currently Indonesia is positioned somewhere in the middle stage of that first wave. Both child mortality and fertility are declining quickly and the working age population is growing at a relatively fast rate while the total population is growing at a relatively slow rate. This has resulted in a large population group (around half of the total population, thus 125 million Indonesians) that is below the age of thirty years old, which -potentially- is productive and therefore can function as the engine of the national economy.

Domestic consumption is a huge source of Indonesia's continuously strong GDP growth performance as household consumption accounts for more than 55 percent of total economic growth. The country's reliance on domestic consumption was actually one of the reasons why Indonesia weathered the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 relatively smooth with an average GDP growth of 5.6 percent in the years 2008-2010. Moreover, solid economic growth has resulted in an influx of Indonesians into the country's middle class. Annually, around seven million Indonesians join the ranks of this middle class according to a World Bank report released in 2012. However, after 2013 the depreciating rupiah (versus the US dollar) and higher interest rates (as well as low commodity prices amid sluggish global economic growth) have managed to somewhat undermine the strength of Indonesia's consumer force.

A critical note, however, is that there are currently millions of (educated) unemployed Indonesians who cannot be absorbed by the Indonesian labor market. In fact, one characteristic of Indonesia is that the unemployment rate is highest for people between the age of 15 and 24, far above the country's national average. For a detailed overview of unemployment in Indonesia, visit our unemployment section.

Largest Ethnic Groups in Indonesia:

Group	% of total Population
Javanese	42.65
Sundanese	15.41
Malay	3.45
Madurese	3.37
Batak	3.02
Minangkabau	2.72
Betawi	2.51
Bugis	2.49
Bantenese	2.05
Banjarese	1.74

^{Source: Statistics Indonesia Population Census 2010}

Religions of Indonesia

In terms of religion, Indonesia contains a clear Muslim-majority. Approximately 87.2 percent of the total Indonesian population - or 207.2 million individuals in absolute numbers - is Muslim. However, Indonesia is not an Islamic nation (only in the special region of Aceh on the northern tip of Sumatra Islamic Sharia law is being applied). But despite being a secular democracy, principles based on Islamic doctrine do play a large role in the politics, the economy and society of Indonesia. For example, if a restaurant serves halal food (food prepared in line with Islamic principles) it should see more customers and therefore most restaurants will put it on the menu. Another example is that it is very hard to imagine Indonesia having a non-Muslim president.

There are also some 16.5 million Protestants (6.9 percent of the total population), 6.9 million Catholics (2.9 percent of the population), and 4 million Hindus (1.7 percent) living in Indonesia. Lastly, there exist small minorities of Buddhists as well as those who practice Confucianism, mostly members of the ethnic Chinese community.

Contrary to many countries in the West, for many Indonesians religion is still a big part of their identities. For more information on this topic, visit our Religions of Indonesia section.

Further Reading:

• How to Act Indonesian?
• Indonesia's Business Culture

Last update: 12 November 2024