The central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) announced on Friday (13/02) that Indonesia’s current account deficit - the broadest measure of trade in goods and services - improved to 2.81 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), or USD $6.2 billion, in the fourth quarter of 2014 (from a revised 2.99 percent of GDP in the preceding quarter). The full-year 2014 deficit amounted to USD $26.2 billion, equivalent to 2.95 percent of GDP from a (revised) deficit of USD $29.1 billion (3.18 percent of GDP) in 2013.

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Benedict Bingham, Senior Resident Representative for Indonesia at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), expects that the central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) will remain committed to the tighter monetary policy in a bid to safeguard the country’s fiscal fundamentals amid external pressures. Apart from sluggish global economic growth, the looming interest rate hike in the USA (later this year) is expected to rock Indonesia as it will trigger capital outflows from emerging markets.

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The latest Consumer Confidence Survey released by Indonesia’s central bank indicated that Indonesian consumers were more optimistic in January 2015 (compared to the previous month) on the back of recent fuel price cuts. The index, based on a total of 4,600 households across 18 major Indonesian cities, climbed to 120.2 points in January, up from 116.5 in the preceding month (a score above 100 signals consumer optimism). In December the index had declined due to higher administered fuel prices.

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Inflation in Indonesia is expected to have eased to 7.50 percent year-on-year (y/y) in January 2015 on the back of cheaper domestic fuel prices (triggered by sliding global oil prices). The month-on-month pace (m/m) in the first month of 2015 may have tumbled to near zero percent from 2.46 percent (m/m) in December 2014. Last year, Indonesian inflation had accelerated to 8.36 percent (y/y) primarily due to the implementation of higher prices for government administered low-octane gasoline and diesel in November 2014.

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The Indonesian government, central bank (Bank Indonesia) and Commission XI of the House of Representatives (DPR) agreed to revise several macroeconomic targets in the Revised 2015 State Budget (APBN-P 2015). The revisions include the country’s economic growth (GDP) pace, the average rupiah exchange rate, and inflation target. In essence, the revisions indicate that Indonesian authorities have become less optimistic about the Indonesian economy in 2015 amid external pressures.

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The current account deficit of Indonesia, which is expected to have improved slightly from 3.3 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2013 to about 3 percent of GDP in 2014, is forecast to continue to improve in 2015 hence placing less pressures on the rupiah exchange rate and the economy in general. A wide current account deficit makes the country vulnerable to capital outflows in times of global shocks (for example looming higher US interest rates) as the deficit signals that Indonesia relies on foreign funding.

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The central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) decided to keep its benchmark interest rate (BI rate) at 7.75 percent at its Board of Governors’ Meeting on Thursday (15/01). The country’s Lending Facility and Deposit Facility were maintained at 8.00 percent and 5.75 percent, respectively. According to the bank this interest rate environment is sufficient to push inflation, which has accelerated to 8.36 percent year-on-year (y/y) in December due to fuel subsidy reforms, back towards its target of 3 to 5 percent (y/y) in 2015.

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Despite having intervened to support the rupiah exchange rate, Indonesia’s central bank announced that the country’s foreign exchange reserves rose USD $800 million to USD $111.9 billion at the end of December 2014. The rise was primarily due to foreign exchange income from Indonesia’s oil and gas exports as well as the withdrawal of government’s foreign debt. Tirta Segara, Executive Director of Bank Indonesia, said that foreign exchange savings and banks swaps with Bank Indonesia had also increased at the end of 2014.

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Although many currencies weakened against the US dollar after the US Federal Reserve stated that it is on track to raise its key Fed Fund Rate "somewhere next year" amid structural improvement of the US economy (after having kept the rate near zero for a "considerable time"), Indonesia's rupiah opened strong on Thursday (18/12). Based on the Bloomberg Dollar Index, Indonesia’s currency had appreciated 0.91 percent to IDR 12,553 per US dollar at 9:15 local Jakarta time.

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Indonesia’s central bank decided to keep its benchmark interest rate (BI rate) at 7.75 percent at Thursday’s Board of Governors’ Meeting (11/12). The Lending Facility and Deposit Facility were kept at 8.00 percent and 5.75 percent, respectively. The central bank is convinced that the current interest rate levels are effective to combat short-term inflationary pressures (triggered by the implementation of higher subsidized fuel prices in mid-November) pushing it back to the target corridor of between 3 and 4 percent (y/y) in 2015.

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In essence, the Indonesian rupiah showed the same performance in 2024 as it did in the previous four years, namely it continued to weaken against the US dollar, albeit (the outlook for) interest cuts in the United States did cause a sharp, yet temporary, rebound in August 2024. Shortly after that rebound, the rupiah came under heavy pressures again, which continued into the last month of 2024.

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For Indonesia’s currency and stock markets, November 2024 was not a good month. We saw some rupiah depreciation reappearing (against the US dollar) and a falling benchmark stock index (Jakarta Composite Index, or IHSG). What this means is that market participants are nervous. And in times of nervousness, Indonesian assets are typically the first victim as participants seek safe haven assets. 

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As expected, Bank Indonesia cut the benchmark interest rate at its monetary policy meeting on 17-18 September 2024. The BI rate was cut by 25 basis points (bps) to 6.00 percent, while also lowering the deposit facility and lending facility rates by 25 bps to 5.25 percent and 6.75 percent, respectively.

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When global markets became really confident that the US Federal Reserve would cut its benchmark interest rate in September 2024, there occurred a sort of relief rally that is visible in Chart A below. Amid the increase in risk appetite, Indonesian stocks and the rupiah rate strengthened. Chart A shows that this rally started in late-July or early August 2024.

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Over the past month, expectations of a looming interest rate cut in the United States (US) have only grown. The US Federal Reserve is widely expected to start cutting its benchmark interest rate at its policy meeting scheduled for 17-18 September 2024. In fact, the question seems to be whether it’ll be a 0.25 or 0.50 percentage point cut.

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It is very interesting to take a quick look at the conclusions drawn at the latest US Federal Reserve meeting (held on 30-31 July 2024), as these conclusions have a big impact on global financial markets, including the Indonesian rupiah rate (and even on monetary policy of Indonesia’s central bank, Bank Indonesia).

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In line with our projection, the central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) decided to raise its benchmark interest rate by 25 basis points (bps) to 6.00 percent after its October 2023 monetary policy meeting (held on 18-19 October 2023). Meanwhile, it also raised its deposit facility and lending facility by 25 bps, each, to 5.25 percent and 6.75 percent, respectively.

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The central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) kept its benchmark interest rate at 5.75 percent at the two-day policy meeting on 20-21 September 2023. The lender of last resort also kept its deposit facility and lending facility rates at 5.00 percent and 6.50 percent, respectively.

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In line with expectations, the central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) kept its benchmark interest rate (BI 7-Day Reverse Repo Rate) at 5.75 percent after the two-day policy meeting on 15-16 February 2023. It also kept its deposit facility and the lending facility at 5.00 percent and 6.50 percent, respectively.

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At the latest annual meeting of Indonesia’s central bank (Bank Indonesia), this lender of last resort presented a white paper on the digital rupiah (central bank digital currency, or CBDC). Just like what is happening abroad (and likely also in response to the rise of cryptocurrencies), Bank Indonesia is eager to launch a digital rupiah, possibly ultimately aiming to gradually phase out the use of physical money (notes and coins).

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