The Indonesian rupiah exchange rate depreciated to its lowest level since August 1998 (when Indonesia was in the early recovery stage from the Asian Financial Crisis). According to the Bloomberg Dollar Index, the rupiah had depreciated 1.78 percent to IDR 12,689 per US dollar by 12:50 pm local Jakarta time on Monday (15/12). This weak performance is caused by bullish momentum of the US dollar (amid the improving US economy) in combination with local year-end US dollar demand for debt repayments.

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On 14 December 2014, Indonesia Investments released the latest edition of its newsletter. This free newsletter, which is sent to our subscribers once per week, contains the most important news stories from Indonesia that have been reported on our website in the last seven days. Most of the topics involve economic matters such as the central bank’s interest rate policy, an update on palm oil, the middle income trap, November car sales, the performance of the rupiah exchange rate, legal matters regarding mining, and more.

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Indonesia’s central bank decided to keep its benchmark interest rate (BI rate) at 7.75 percent at Thursday’s Board of Governors’ Meeting (11/12). The Lending Facility and Deposit Facility were kept at 8.00 percent and 5.75 percent, respectively. The central bank is convinced that the current interest rate levels are effective to combat short-term inflationary pressures (triggered by the implementation of higher subsidized fuel prices in mid-November) pushing it back to the target corridor of between 3 and 4 percent (y/y) in 2015.

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On Monday morning (08/12), the Indonesian rupiah exchange rate quickly plunged after the release of weak macroeconomic data from Japan and China, two important trading partners of Indonesia. Economic growth in Japan, the world’s third-largest economy, contracted 0.5 percent (quarter-to-quarter) in Q3-2014, while Chinese imports fell 6.7 percent (year-on-year) in November 2014. As a result the Indonesian rupiah had depreciated 0.54 percent to IDR 12,365 per US dollar by 11:30 am local Jakarta time, the weakest level in six years.

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On 7 December 2014, Indonesia Investments released the latest edition of its newsletter. This free newsletter, which is sent to our subscribers once per week, contains the most important news stories from Indonesia that have been reported on our website in the last seven days. Most of the topics involve economic matters such as the country’s November inflation, October trade balance, a manufacturing update, the slight improvement in the Corruption Perceptions Index, investments, IPOs on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, and more.

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The central bank of Indonesia announced that the country’s foreign exchange reserves declined USD $900 million to USD $111.1 billion at the end of November 2014. The decline was primarily due to government debt repayments and the central bank’s use of foreign exchange to engage in monetary management. Meanwhile, the Indonesian rupiah exchange rate - which had touched six year lows in recent days - appreciated 0.08 percent to IDR 12,299 per US dollar on Friday (05/12) based on the Bloomberg Dollar Index.

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Based on the Bloomberg Dollar Index, Indonesia’s rupiah exchange rate depreciated 0.24 percent to IDR 12,301 per US dollar on Wednesday (03/12), the weakest level of Indonesia’s currency in almost six years, as the US dollar rallied, pushing Japan’s yen to a seven-year low, Malaysia’s ringgit to a five-year low, while the Russian ruble experienced record falls. Meanwhile, the euro touched a two-year low amid the sluggish economic growth forecast in the Eurozone. Policies of central banks across the globe have led to significant currency volatility.

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The HSBC Markit Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) of Indonesia contracted to 48.0 in November 2014 (from 49.2 in the previous month), the weakest level since reporting began in early 2011 amid weak demand and higher fuel prices, official data showed on Monday (01/12). A reading below 50.0 indicates that manufacturing activity has contracted. Su Sian Lim, Economist at HSBC, said that the recent subsidized fuel price, rupiah depreciation, and weak external demand were the key drivers for this poor performance.

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Main news headlines in Indonesia still cover the higher subsidized fuel prices implemented starting from the early hours of Tuesday (18/11). The previous evening, Indonesian President Joko Widodo had announced that prices of subsidized gasoline and diesel were to be raised by over 30 percent, immediately leading to long queues at local gas stations as well as public outcry as people’s purchasing power will diminish. Analysts and economists, however, agree that this move is correct and can lead to structurally higher GDP growth.

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Indonesian President Joko Widodo announced yesterday evening (17/11) that prices of subsidized fuels will be raised by over 30 percent starting from midnight in an effort to reduce state expenses on non-productive matters. Low-octane gasoline (premium) will now cost IDR 8,500 (USD $0.70) per liter, while diesel now costs IDR 7,500 (USD $0.62) per liter. This sudden announcement immediately led to long queues at local gas stations as people still had three hours to enjoy cheaper fuel rates.

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The reason why we frequently discuss Indonesia’s financial markets (especially the stock and money markets) in our monthly reports is because these markets reflect the degree of confidence there exists among domestic and foreign investors (which involves individuals as well as the big corporations) in global political and economic conditions and in the economic and fiscal fundamentals of Indonesia.

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In essence, the Indonesian rupiah showed the same performance in 2024 as it did in the previous four years, namely it continued to weaken against the US dollar, albeit (the outlook for) interest cuts in the United States did cause a sharp, yet temporary, rebound in August 2024. Shortly after that rebound, the rupiah came under heavy pressures again, which continued into the last month of 2024.

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There was some confusion about the government’s plan to raise the value-added tax (VAT) rate from 11 percent to 12 percent. Based on Law Number 7 of Year 2021 on Harmonization of Tax Regulations (specifically in Article 7), a one percentage point VAT hike from 10 to 11 percent materialized on 1 April 2022. That law also ordered for another one percentage point hike (to 12 percent) on 1 January 2025, the latest.

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For Indonesia’s currency and stock markets, November 2024 was not a good month. We saw some rupiah depreciation reappearing (against the US dollar) and a falling benchmark stock index (Jakarta Composite Index, or IHSG). What this means is that market participants are nervous. And in times of nervousness, Indonesian assets are typically the first victim as participants seek safe haven assets. 

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As expected, Bank Indonesia cut the benchmark interest rate at its monetary policy meeting on 17-18 September 2024. The BI rate was cut by 25 basis points (bps) to 6.00 percent, while also lowering the deposit facility and lending facility rates by 25 bps to 5.25 percent and 6.75 percent, respectively.

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When global markets became really confident that the US Federal Reserve would cut its benchmark interest rate in September 2024, there occurred a sort of relief rally that is visible in Chart A below. Amid the increase in risk appetite, Indonesian stocks and the rupiah rate strengthened. Chart A shows that this rally started in late-July or early August 2024.

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Over the past month, expectations of a looming interest rate cut in the United States (US) have only grown. The US Federal Reserve is widely expected to start cutting its benchmark interest rate at its policy meeting scheduled for 17-18 September 2024. In fact, the question seems to be whether it’ll be a 0.25 or 0.50 percentage point cut.

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It is very interesting to take a quick look at the conclusions drawn at the latest US Federal Reserve meeting (held on 30-31 July 2024), as these conclusions have a big impact on global financial markets, including the Indonesian rupiah rate (and even on monetary policy of Indonesia’s central bank, Bank Indonesia).

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As usual, we are going to take a look at the US Federal Reserve’s monetary policy as policy changes in the United States (or market perceptions about approaching policy changes) impact on the Indonesian rupiah rate as well as on monetary policy that is set by Indonesia’s central bank (Bank Indonesia).

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In line with our projection, the central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) decided to raise its benchmark interest rate by 25 basis points (bps) to 6.00 percent after its October 2023 monetary policy meeting (held on 18-19 October 2023). Meanwhile, it also raised its deposit facility and lending facility by 25 bps, each, to 5.25 percent and 6.75 percent, respectively.

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